Shock following an injury is the result of a decrease in the vital functions of the various organs of the body. These functions are depressed because of inadequate circulation of blood or an oxygen deficiency.

Shock usually follows severe injuries such as extensive burns, major crushing injuries (particularly of the chest and abdomen), fractures of large bones, and other extensive or extremely painful injuries.

Signs and symptoms of shock are: paleness – the skin is pale, cold, and often moist; rapid and shallow respirations; thirst, nausea, and vomiting; weak and rapid pulse; restlessness, excitement, and anxiety.

Treatment: Eliminate the causes of shock. This includes controlling bleeding, restoring breathing, and relieving severe pain.

Have the injured person lie down. The patient should be placed in a horizontal position. The patient’s legs may be elevated approximately 30 cm to assist the flow of blood to the heart and head. The legs should not be elevated if there is injury to the head, pelvis, spine, or chest, or difficulty in breathing.

Keep the patient warm, but not hot. Too much heat raises the surface temperature of the body and diverts the blood supply away from vital organs to the skin.

Relieve pain as quickly as possible. If pain is severe, 10 mg of morphine sulfate may be given by intramuscular injection.

Administer fluids. Liquids should not be given by mouth if the patient is unconscious, drowsy, convulsing, or about to have surgery.