Drawing conclusions

After gathering all the information, the main complaints should be written down and the body systems involved should be identified. Additional detailed questions may need to be asked, and certain parts of the physical examination may need to be repeated to clarify findings. By a process of elimination, the problem can be narrowed down to a few possible diagnoses. Reference should then be made to medical guidelines to determine which condition best explains the observed signs and symptoms. This may also suggest further tests or questions.

If a definite diagnosis cannot be made, the collected information should still be sufficient to present the case to a doctor, such as through radio communication. Body discharges such as vomit, faeces, sputum, and urine should be examined carefully for abnormal colour, consistency, and especially the presence of blood. Blood in faeces may appear bright red, dark brown, or black like tar. Blood in urine is usually red but may only become visible after settling. In cases of jaundice, urine appears dark yellow, and shaking it produces yellow foam, whereas normal urine produces white foam. Comparison with a normal sample may help confirm this.

Two important points must always be remembered. First, when in doubt, compare the findings with those of a normal person or compare one side of the body with the other. Second, continue to observe and recheck the patient to ensure nothing is missed. Quick decisions should be avoided, as they may lead to incorrect diagnosis.